上次Verkuyl教授寫約拿故事給教會宣教的挑戰,我感到很扎心,所以才去買他的書來看。今天在他的宣教學教科書中發現一小段歷史,讓我有些意外,於是決定在此記下來。
歷史學家們試圖探討,宗教改革之後,新教宣教理論的源頭。他們不明白,為甚麼改教家們都沒有鼓勵差派宣教士出去宣教?他們也沒有對宣教士的工作作出神學研究的貢獻。
那年代正是哥倫布發現了新大陸,羅馬天主教的宣教學大發展的年代。為甚麼改教家們對宣教學卻沒有做出什麼貢獻呢?經過詳盡的研究,教會歷史學家推測到下面六個原因。
一、改教家們錯誤地相信,馬太福音記下的宣教要求是使徒時代的事情,已經實現了。可是耶穌的吩咐明明說「直到世代的末了」啊,也許改教家們對於「世代的末了」的理解和我們不同。
二、改教家們的注意力全都放在當時歐洲的改教工作。
三、改教家們被當時重大的政治和軍事鬥爭包圍了,他們必須抵擋中世紀的羅馬天主教廷,以致沒有必要的物質資源去從事普世宣教。
四、路德和加爾文都相信,眾王子侯爵和其他公眾官員,是負責維持公眾敬拜的人士,因此德國信義會和加爾文主義者與非基督徒群眾都沒有直接的聯絡。
五、有人指出,改教家們的確大力傳福音給天主教徒,號召復興,或改信新教(或稱更正教)。不過,向普世宣教不在他們的工作范圍之內。
六、路德著作中有一段話,提到基督徒被東歐土耳其人作為戰俘,他們應該教導基督教的經課條文給那些抓俘他們的人。有人試圖證明,這就表示儘管是不得已的情形,路德的確有宣教的異像。多數的歷史學家不能信服。
本文不是說早期的新教基督徒都沒有出去宣教,乃是說改教家們都沒有參與。改教家都相信神拯救世人,心思沒有放在這方面似乎是不可思議的。
Biblical or not, everybody has his/her own ideas/views of God. Even you have never entered a seminary, you have had your theology. This is a site for anybody who is interested in reading and sharing their evangelical theology understandings. Christianity is not just about what you do, or what you know, it is about what you FEEL! For God's love is to be felt.
Tuesday, February 28, 2017
Sunday, February 26, 2017
What Is Essential of Our Faith?
This article is to continue the reflection of my Christian faith.
Now the next question is about confessions and other doctrines. Since I have thrown away Calvinism in recent years, I don’t want to answer “Yes” to any wrong questions. Here it is: “Do you sincerely accepted and embrace the essential tenets of the Reformed faith?”
My answer really depends on what is the description of “essential tenets of the Reformed faith”. I certainly hope it is not Calvinism, for after a few years of theological trainings, I got some tools digging into Calvinism and Arminianism and other history, I really prefer not to use those philosophical terms to define my faith. They are just inadequate, to say the least, or even misguided.
Thank God. Calvinism isn’t PCUSA’s essential faith. However I suspect that, the two long clauses that describe “the Reformed faith”, were originally part of question, for ordained to accept and embrace. It says that the reformed faith “is expressed in our church’s confessions”, and those confessions “faithfully and reliably interpreted Bible”.
No, not all of historically documented confessions are essential today, and not all that doctrines, particularly 5 points of Calvinism, can claim faithfully and reliably interpreted Bible, especially when the Reformed faith mainly refers to Calvinism. We are reminded time and again, that the Reformed faith keeps reforming even today. They are just not a fixed set of ideology as recorded in historical document. The bulletin lists 5 essential tenets of our faith as following, all of which I can heartily answer “Yes”:
The first essential tenet: God’s majesty, holiness, and providence. – I think Calvinists tried their best to describe God’s sovereignty using these terms. There is so much misunderstanding loaded into the word “sovereignty”, that God is eventually pictured as a stern and unpredictable God. I am glad that PCUSA removed the word “sovereignty” (Not that I deny God’s sovereignty).
The second essential tenet: God choose people is for serving/following God, not just for their salvation. “Salvation” is another loaded word... In other words, God’s purpose is not just to get us into heaven, but to get us into a life of discipleship with Christ, or to get into God’s mission. This is very Biblical indeed!
The third essential tenet: live a life of God’s covenant according to the Word of God, and this life are expressed as disciplines and structures that Christians should follow. – In other words, we are not just a bunch of individuals that each live independently, we have a history as God’s covenant people, and we are organized according God’s principles as we know of.
The fourth essential tenet: good stewardship of God’s wealth and gifts, against extravagant waste. I always thought wasting is but one of the sins, why this is listed as essential? But as I looked at it again, the essential thing is on stewardship. May be the emphasis is on the offerings, to church and to charities.
The fifth essential tenet: Recognize men have the tendency to be idolatry or dictatorship. Again, idolatry and dictatorship are but two of the sins. It somewhat surprised me to specifically list them here. Why not list other sins? My guess is that idolatry represents the sins that against God, and dictatorship represents the sins that against fellow human. Here I notice that personal secret sins, as usually perceived “sinful nature” in western society, are not mentioned here. I would say this is very biblical.
In conclusion, PCUSA consider essential tenets of Reformed faith concerns primarily on Christian practice of this life, not a fate after death. I cannot agree more to this!
As for all different authorities in our church life, PCUSA put Jesus Christ as the highest authority, whose life gave us revelation about what God is like. The Bible is the next level of authority, which is lower than God, but higher than church confessions. The PCUSA Book of Order is the regulation of the church, which needs revisions from time to time; its authority is lower than church confessions.
It is wise to set priority this way. For we worship God, orders and rules are important, but we do not worship these rules.
Now the next question is about confessions and other doctrines. Since I have thrown away Calvinism in recent years, I don’t want to answer “Yes” to any wrong questions. Here it is: “Do you sincerely accepted and embrace the essential tenets of the Reformed faith?”
My answer really depends on what is the description of “essential tenets of the Reformed faith”. I certainly hope it is not Calvinism, for after a few years of theological trainings, I got some tools digging into Calvinism and Arminianism and other history, I really prefer not to use those philosophical terms to define my faith. They are just inadequate, to say the least, or even misguided.
Thank God. Calvinism isn’t PCUSA’s essential faith. However I suspect that, the two long clauses that describe “the Reformed faith”, were originally part of question, for ordained to accept and embrace. It says that the reformed faith “is expressed in our church’s confessions”, and those confessions “faithfully and reliably interpreted Bible”.
No, not all of historically documented confessions are essential today, and not all that doctrines, particularly 5 points of Calvinism, can claim faithfully and reliably interpreted Bible, especially when the Reformed faith mainly refers to Calvinism. We are reminded time and again, that the Reformed faith keeps reforming even today. They are just not a fixed set of ideology as recorded in historical document. The bulletin lists 5 essential tenets of our faith as following, all of which I can heartily answer “Yes”:
The first essential tenet: God’s majesty, holiness, and providence. – I think Calvinists tried their best to describe God’s sovereignty using these terms. There is so much misunderstanding loaded into the word “sovereignty”, that God is eventually pictured as a stern and unpredictable God. I am glad that PCUSA removed the word “sovereignty” (Not that I deny God’s sovereignty).
The second essential tenet: God choose people is for serving/following God, not just for their salvation. “Salvation” is another loaded word... In other words, God’s purpose is not just to get us into heaven, but to get us into a life of discipleship with Christ, or to get into God’s mission. This is very Biblical indeed!
The third essential tenet: live a life of God’s covenant according to the Word of God, and this life are expressed as disciplines and structures that Christians should follow. – In other words, we are not just a bunch of individuals that each live independently, we have a history as God’s covenant people, and we are organized according God’s principles as we know of.
The fourth essential tenet: good stewardship of God’s wealth and gifts, against extravagant waste. I always thought wasting is but one of the sins, why this is listed as essential? But as I looked at it again, the essential thing is on stewardship. May be the emphasis is on the offerings, to church and to charities.
The fifth essential tenet: Recognize men have the tendency to be idolatry or dictatorship. Again, idolatry and dictatorship are but two of the sins. It somewhat surprised me to specifically list them here. Why not list other sins? My guess is that idolatry represents the sins that against God, and dictatorship represents the sins that against fellow human. Here I notice that personal secret sins, as usually perceived “sinful nature” in western society, are not mentioned here. I would say this is very biblical.
In conclusion, PCUSA consider essential tenets of Reformed faith concerns primarily on Christian practice of this life, not a fate after death. I cannot agree more to this!
As for all different authorities in our church life, PCUSA put Jesus Christ as the highest authority, whose life gave us revelation about what God is like. The Bible is the next level of authority, which is lower than God, but higher than church confessions. The PCUSA Book of Order is the regulation of the church, which needs revisions from time to time; its authority is lower than church confessions.
It is wise to set priority this way. For we worship God, orders and rules are important, but we do not worship these rules.
Thursday, February 23, 2017
A Reflection on Faith
I became a Christian 30 years ago in Canada, where I was a “visiting scholar”. A Chinese Christian girl encouraged me to try Christian faith, so I tried, and found my prayers to Jesus worked wonders. Pretty soon I began to share my experience of new faith to my Chinese friends. Pretty soon people followed me to churches and sought out this faith for themselves.
All the Chinese churches I attended over years are pretty much fundamentalist. In other words, my savior saves me from a hell which I didn’t know previously. But my testimonies to all my friends never really mentioned the hell, because the true reason I’d like my friends to know about Jesus, was that God’s love demonstrated to me through my prayer.
I found Jesus amazing, not because he theoretically helps me escaping a hell, but I had found the new faith gave me a brand new identity, with a brand new set of values, which in turn proved worthwhile and honorable for me to explore.
So, my fundamentalist faith was only on the doctrine side, which never really matched my experiences. But I never realized this gap. I accepted Christian faith as absolute truth, mainly because my experiences were true.
It is when I attended seminary, especially after I received a M. Div., I began to realize the gap between my experiences and the fundamentalism doctrines. I spent much time digging into the gaps… I realized I had to discard the fundamentalist doctrines, for they are just biblically indefensible…I left the fundamentalism ideology.
Now, the day I am nominated and ordained to be a ruling elder, I had to face a few fundamental questions in the ordination. All the questions are supposed to have a “Yes” answer. I’d better be honest. I decided to carefully study every questions, 8 in all. The end result: I fully embraced PCUSA faith statement as listed and explained in the ordination study bulletin.
The first question: Do you trust Jesus Christ as your savior, as the Lord of all creation, as the head of the church? And through Jesus believe the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit? Of course! Except I want to be very clear, I am not very sure about the existence of a literal “hell”, which is supposed to be created by God, for the purpose of punishment of sin. If I am doubtful about hell, how Jesus is my savior?
I know for a fact, that everybody has sinned against somebody, intentionally or not, because we have been separated from God the Creator, therefore lost the art of perfect love and communication. Christ saved me from self-centered life values, from pursuing only selfish fulfillment and pride. He saved me into a life of God’s bigger purpose -- freely spreading God’s loving-kindness towards people.
How? He teaches me new perspectives, new values. I believe there is no life damaged that Jesus cannot redeem. God helps and strengthen us in our weakness, disadvantage, and troubles. He is also the Lord of relationship, so that we can learn to forgive.
I believe this PCUSA view of redemption is very biblical, for Gospels and Pauline letters all proclaimed that Jesus resurrected to be the King of God’s Kingdom, which has been established on earth among His people, that we all are God’s works. They never really emphasized a life after death as Christian hope.
Regarding Trinitarian God, the bulletin especially points out that “Father” is a traditional way of description for God, and He definitely is not a male idol. Very good! To many people who never know how a good father is compassionate towards his children, this is a comfort.
The second basic question to ask: Do you accept the Bible as the Word of God and the highest authority, which is inspired by the Holy Spirit and witness to Christ? -- I put the question as I understand it, which no matter what church tradition you are in, a “Yes” answer would be warranted. But to the ear of theologian and seminarian, the question itself sounded somewhat like “do you accept Bible inerrancy doctrine”?
No, I don’t believe any of the extant manuscripts were inerrant. But thanks to the works of many textual criticism scholars, the texts of Hebrew and Greek Bible in print today are highly reliable and trustworthy as it stands to the earliest originals. It is amazing work of the Spirit as a whole.
Regarding the interpretation of Biblical text, i.e. translations and theologies, we have much difference derived from the same Bible. Every faith traditions and denominations offer somewhat different system theologies; each interpretation and understanding has certain historical or culture reasons. Therefore, I am fully aware that, to respect Bible’s authority cannot be just a sound bite to claim.
We uphold Bible’s authority, which cannot mean to claim our own tradition as the only absolute truth, others are heresies. Historically, our own faith tradition had used our own understanding of Bible authority to justify slavery, to justify discrimination against women, to justify wars etc, all proven wrong.
After careful consideration, I concluded that if we really uphold Bible’s authority, we have to keep learning, keep on searching. Whenever we realize our knowledge was incomplete or mistaken, we have to be ready to yield.
This I feel PCUSA is doing much better than many fundamentalist churches! (To be continued here.)
All the Chinese churches I attended over years are pretty much fundamentalist. In other words, my savior saves me from a hell which I didn’t know previously. But my testimonies to all my friends never really mentioned the hell, because the true reason I’d like my friends to know about Jesus, was that God’s love demonstrated to me through my prayer.
I found Jesus amazing, not because he theoretically helps me escaping a hell, but I had found the new faith gave me a brand new identity, with a brand new set of values, which in turn proved worthwhile and honorable for me to explore.
So, my fundamentalist faith was only on the doctrine side, which never really matched my experiences. But I never realized this gap. I accepted Christian faith as absolute truth, mainly because my experiences were true.
It is when I attended seminary, especially after I received a M. Div., I began to realize the gap between my experiences and the fundamentalism doctrines. I spent much time digging into the gaps… I realized I had to discard the fundamentalist doctrines, for they are just biblically indefensible…I left the fundamentalism ideology.
Now, the day I am nominated and ordained to be a ruling elder, I had to face a few fundamental questions in the ordination. All the questions are supposed to have a “Yes” answer. I’d better be honest. I decided to carefully study every questions, 8 in all. The end result: I fully embraced PCUSA faith statement as listed and explained in the ordination study bulletin.
The first question: Do you trust Jesus Christ as your savior, as the Lord of all creation, as the head of the church? And through Jesus believe the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit? Of course! Except I want to be very clear, I am not very sure about the existence of a literal “hell”, which is supposed to be created by God, for the purpose of punishment of sin. If I am doubtful about hell, how Jesus is my savior?
I know for a fact, that everybody has sinned against somebody, intentionally or not, because we have been separated from God the Creator, therefore lost the art of perfect love and communication. Christ saved me from self-centered life values, from pursuing only selfish fulfillment and pride. He saved me into a life of God’s bigger purpose -- freely spreading God’s loving-kindness towards people.
How? He teaches me new perspectives, new values. I believe there is no life damaged that Jesus cannot redeem. God helps and strengthen us in our weakness, disadvantage, and troubles. He is also the Lord of relationship, so that we can learn to forgive.
I believe this PCUSA view of redemption is very biblical, for Gospels and Pauline letters all proclaimed that Jesus resurrected to be the King of God’s Kingdom, which has been established on earth among His people, that we all are God’s works. They never really emphasized a life after death as Christian hope.
Regarding Trinitarian God, the bulletin especially points out that “Father” is a traditional way of description for God, and He definitely is not a male idol. Very good! To many people who never know how a good father is compassionate towards his children, this is a comfort.
The second basic question to ask: Do you accept the Bible as the Word of God and the highest authority, which is inspired by the Holy Spirit and witness to Christ? -- I put the question as I understand it, which no matter what church tradition you are in, a “Yes” answer would be warranted. But to the ear of theologian and seminarian, the question itself sounded somewhat like “do you accept Bible inerrancy doctrine”?
No, I don’t believe any of the extant manuscripts were inerrant. But thanks to the works of many textual criticism scholars, the texts of Hebrew and Greek Bible in print today are highly reliable and trustworthy as it stands to the earliest originals. It is amazing work of the Spirit as a whole.
Regarding the interpretation of Biblical text, i.e. translations and theologies, we have much difference derived from the same Bible. Every faith traditions and denominations offer somewhat different system theologies; each interpretation and understanding has certain historical or culture reasons. Therefore, I am fully aware that, to respect Bible’s authority cannot be just a sound bite to claim.
We uphold Bible’s authority, which cannot mean to claim our own tradition as the only absolute truth, others are heresies. Historically, our own faith tradition had used our own understanding of Bible authority to justify slavery, to justify discrimination against women, to justify wars etc, all proven wrong.
After careful consideration, I concluded that if we really uphold Bible’s authority, we have to keep learning, keep on searching. Whenever we realize our knowledge was incomplete or mistaken, we have to be ready to yield.
This I feel PCUSA is doing much better than many fundamentalist churches! (To be continued here.)
Monday, February 20, 2017
聖詩:這是我天父的世界
這是天父世界,我們側耳靜聽,
宇宙唱歌,四圍響應,星辰作樂同聲。
這是天父世界,我心滿有安寧,
花草樹木,穹蒼碧海,述說天父奇能!
這是天父世界,群鳥歡唱齊鳴,
清晨明亮,百花美麗,證明創造精深。
這是天父世界,祂愛普及萬千,
風吹草聲,知祂經過,隨處能聽祂言。
這是天父世界,叫我不可遺忘,
黑暗勢力雖然猖狂,天父卻仍作王。
這是天父世界,我心不必憂傷,
天父是王,宇宙同唱,祂治萬國萬方。
Friday, February 17, 2017
評估:形形色色的大道小道消息
論到各種報道來源是否可靠,有一位律師畫了下面這個圖,在社交網上分享。我想她的目的是幫助大家分辨報刊的可信程度,鑑於現在假消息變多,值得分享給華人朋友,供您參考。
首先,各種報導都很容易偏左偏右,寫手們把自己的意見從措辭上表現出來。圖中左邊的報刊是自由派的,越左越偏激,不太理會正宗的新聞專業培訓所教導的公平原則價值觀。而右邊的報刊是保守派的,越在右邊越偏激,同樣不太理會公平報導的價值觀。
其次,她把報導的品質分成高等和低等。擺在上面的報刊是寫作嚴謹、筆法流暢、消息來源清楚可靠的,當然其中有比較自由和比較保守的。
所謂的「主流媒體」,一般是指寫作品質達到相當的標準,不明顯偏左偏右的新聞報刊。我們看到中間那個圓圈中,列出幾個眾人常聽的廣播站和幾家眾人常讀的新聞社,還有大多數的地方報刊,收在圖書館的那些,都屬於主流媒體。
列在下面的是寫作品質較差的報刊媒體。如果文章不左不右,就還算可讀--知道消息總比不知道好。但那些偏左偏右的,你最好小心分辨,知道其左右傾向,作為參考。
至於左下角和右下角的博客、小報網站,很多純屬「標題黨」,吸引眼球卻文不對題,或真假混雜,不值得閱讀,或浪費時間。但中間偏左翼的The Huffington Post(赫芬頓郵報),和中間偏右翼的Fox News(福克斯新闻),都有一部份文章很接近主流媒體,可是有相當一部份的報導,這位律師評論說,你讀了可以證實自己已信的東西,卻說服不了不信的人。
還是建議大家閱讀主流媒體。川普總統不喜歡主流媒體,大概是因為嫌他們對他的誇讚不夠。
首先,各種報導都很容易偏左偏右,寫手們把自己的意見從措辭上表現出來。圖中左邊的報刊是自由派的,越左越偏激,不太理會正宗的新聞專業培訓所教導的公平原則價值觀。而右邊的報刊是保守派的,越在右邊越偏激,同樣不太理會公平報導的價值觀。
其次,她把報導的品質分成高等和低等。擺在上面的報刊是寫作嚴謹、筆法流暢、消息來源清楚可靠的,當然其中有比較自由和比較保守的。
所謂的「主流媒體」,一般是指寫作品質達到相當的標準,不明顯偏左偏右的新聞報刊。我們看到中間那個圓圈中,列出幾個眾人常聽的廣播站和幾家眾人常讀的新聞社,還有大多數的地方報刊,收在圖書館的那些,都屬於主流媒體。
列在下面的是寫作品質較差的報刊媒體。如果文章不左不右,就還算可讀--知道消息總比不知道好。但那些偏左偏右的,你最好小心分辨,知道其左右傾向,作為參考。
至於左下角和右下角的博客、小報網站,很多純屬「標題黨」,吸引眼球卻文不對題,或真假混雜,不值得閱讀,或浪費時間。但中間偏左翼的The Huffington Post(赫芬頓郵報),和中間偏右翼的Fox News(福克斯新闻),都有一部份文章很接近主流媒體,可是有相當一部份的報導,這位律師評論說,你讀了可以證實自己已信的東西,卻說服不了不信的人。
還是建議大家閱讀主流媒體。川普總統不喜歡主流媒體,大概是因為嫌他們對他的誇讚不夠。
Wednesday, February 15, 2017
西方的跨文化宣教挑戰
Paul Hiebert是另外一位近代的宣教學家,神學院的教授,2007年才過世。他研究不同的文化中不同的神觀,因為他的父母是美國去印度的宣教士,他出生在印度,了解東方人的文化和世界觀。
Hiebert教授用「有機的」和「機械的」兩種特性,來描述全世界各種不同的世界觀或宗教。每一種都有不同程度的這兩種特性:「有機」意思是指萬物之間都互相有關係,彼此有正面或負面的影響,「機械」是指萬物之間有不同的自然力量彼此影響,所發生的事是不能掌控和非倫理的。
然後,人把世界又分成看不見或屬靈的部分,其中有神明、天使、或其它的靈,以及看得見、摸得著、可試驗觀察、可研究規律的部分。在看得見和看不見的事物之間,有不少世界觀還相信有鬼魂、邪靈、死人的靈魂等等東西存在。如下圖所示:
Hiebert教授說西方社會看世界缺少了中間那一層,我們把那一層當作迷信、虛假、或不存在。結果我們的宣教士去到一個相信中間那層勢力實際存在的文化中,就完全沒有辦法應付。巫師咒詛帶給人災禍,但基督徒相信基督的能力勝過那些。巫醫有能力治病,基督若是不能,誰還會信?只好讓人回到巫醫那裡。
我們既不能夠用世俗化的方式,否定那些世界觀就完事,也不能把所有的事都解釋成神秘兮兮的屬靈爭戰。目前的神學系統框架以哲學為基礎,聖靈論不夠,Hiebert教授建議發展「整全的神學」,Holistic Theology。
Hiebert教授用「有機的」和「機械的」兩種特性,來描述全世界各種不同的世界觀或宗教。每一種都有不同程度的這兩種特性:「有機」意思是指萬物之間都互相有關係,彼此有正面或負面的影響,「機械」是指萬物之間有不同的自然力量彼此影響,所發生的事是不能掌控和非倫理的。
然後,人把世界又分成看不見或屬靈的部分,其中有神明、天使、或其它的靈,以及看得見、摸得著、可試驗觀察、可研究規律的部分。在看得見和看不見的事物之間,有不少世界觀還相信有鬼魂、邪靈、死人的靈魂等等東西存在。如下圖所示:
Hiebert教授說西方社會看世界缺少了中間那一層,我們把那一層當作迷信、虛假、或不存在。結果我們的宣教士去到一個相信中間那層勢力實際存在的文化中,就完全沒有辦法應付。巫師咒詛帶給人災禍,但基督徒相信基督的能力勝過那些。巫醫有能力治病,基督若是不能,誰還會信?只好讓人回到巫醫那裡。
我們既不能夠用世俗化的方式,否定那些世界觀就完事,也不能把所有的事都解釋成神秘兮兮的屬靈爭戰。目前的神學系統框架以哲學為基礎,聖靈論不夠,Hiebert教授建議發展「整全的神學」,Holistic Theology。
Tuesday, February 14, 2017
如何知道一條新聞是假的?
美國的中學生都有學習一個閱讀技巧,叫作「批判性思維」,即critical thinking skill。我有一年給孩子挑選暑期作業本,就選過那麼一本,其中含有大量的批判性思維的習題。顯然很多人缺乏這種技巧,他們讀到一些很低劣的搧動性文章,就信以為真。
今天看到一篇文章,為大眾分享如何識別假新聞,也就是如何使用批判性思維,就想要轉發一下。
今天看到一篇文章,為大眾分享如何識別假新聞,也就是如何使用批判性思維,就想要轉發一下。
- 察看消息來源,看看是從哪個網站傳出來的。有些媒體來源比另一些來源可靠。那些匿名發表的微信消息有可能是某人的謠傳,或者故意把舊的資訊誇張一下,變得聳人聽聞。
- 讀消息不要只讀標題,要點擊鏈接,進去讀原來的完整報告。你若仔細看,有時鏈接和轉發者的標題根本不符,並不支持轉發者想要說明的問題。
- 看看文章作者是誰,是真人實姓,還是假名。
- 檢查一下文章日期,有時資料已經過期,要看update的資料為準。
- 看看是否是開玩笑的文章。沙堤亞風格的英文有可能被中國人誤解,翻出來就成了假消息。
- 檢查自己的偏見。你如果對某人有偏見,就很容易相信關乎這人的某類謠言。
- 請教專家。到圖書館看看,或察看一些專門察驗和報告消息是否屬實的網站,比如snopes.com。
Sunday, February 12, 2017
我們是鹽和光嗎?
你們是地上的鹽。鹽若失了味,怎能叫它再鹹呢?它不再有用,只好被丟在外面,任人踐踏。你們是世上的光。城造在山上是不能隱藏的。人點燈,不放在斗底下,而是放在燈臺上,就照亮一家的人。你們的光也要這樣照在人前,叫他們看見你們的好行為,把榮耀歸給你們在天上的父。
Yes! so let your light shine before men; that they may see ... your Father who is in heaven.
昨天我們這個小教會的新牧師帶領大家在神面前尋求教會的異像。耶穌對祂門徒說的上面這段話成為多數人贊同的一個形象,來代表我們教會的目標。--這並不是那麼容易,我們認識到現在是有差距的。--我們當中的很多人,別人恐怕不知道他們的恩賜;無論誰有甚麼亮光,他們恐怕也沒有甚麼機會分享。
在教會中沒有機會作鹽作光,你會怎樣?我們需要增加靈裡的聯結for sure,才能各自反映出天父的榮耀。
Yes! so let your light shine before men; that they may see ... your Father who is in heaven.
昨天我們這個小教會的新牧師帶領大家在神面前尋求教會的異像。耶穌對祂門徒說的上面這段話成為多數人贊同的一個形象,來代表我們教會的目標。--這並不是那麼容易,我們認識到現在是有差距的。--我們當中的很多人,別人恐怕不知道他們的恩賜;無論誰有甚麼亮光,他們恐怕也沒有甚麼機會分享。
在教會中沒有機會作鹽作光,你會怎樣?我們需要增加靈裡的聯結for sure,才能各自反映出天父的榮耀。
Friday, February 10, 2017
約拿書和聖經的宣教主題
我正在上一門宣教的課程,本文是一篇筆記:讀Johannes Verkuyl談普世宣教的聖經基礎。這位荷蘭作者是近代的一位著名的宣教學家,早年在印尼宣教許多年,後來在一所大學教授宣教學很多年,2001年才過世。他寫的《現代宣教學導論》似乎是很經典的宣教學教科書。
Perspectives on the World Movement選了書中的一段,引起我興趣的部分是他所講解的約拿書。Verkuyl認為約拿的故事處理了向外邦人宣教的主題,值得現代的基督徒借鑑!約拿書的作者使用以色列歷史上一位先知的名字(王下14章25節),為以色列的聽眾刻劃了一個討厭外邦人、無心向外邦人宣教、又抱怨上帝對外邦人太仁慈的先知故事。
Verkuyl教授總結說,約拿書的作者是要警告聽眾,拋棄偏狹態度吧,面對神的挑戰:願意變成上帝的僕人,完成神的計畫嗎?因為以色列百姓當時的狀況是,接受了神一切的啟示,卻只關注他們自己的問題,拒絕涉足外邦去宣講神的信息。他把約拿故事劇分成八幕:
第一幕是神給約拿「起來,去…」的吩咐。尼尼微是個很兇暴、很罪惡的城市,約拿不想去,他雖然「起來」了,卻逃往另外的方向去了。
第二幕是神的對策,安排了風暴,約拿卻在底艙沉睡。Verkuyl評論說,教會很多時候就是這樣,在世界的風暴中沉睡,別人拚命找問題所在,眾教會卻當作與己無關。當眾人發現(或神用他們抽的籤指示了他們),是約拿所拜的神追上了他,約拿只好承認神的創造和主權,請那些水手把自己丟進海裡,滿足神的要求。
第三幕是上帝安排一條大魚把約拿吞掉,約拿落在急難困苦中。第四幕約拿在魚腹中禱告詩篇十八篇,切切祈求上帝的憐憫,還混合了其它一些詩篇的字句,最後上帝安排那大魚把約拿吐在岸上--祂原本不是要約拿滅亡。
故事到此,請不要問我,這些事怎麼可能真的發生,我以前寫過另一篇筆記,這是一個非常幽默的關於先知的故事,而不是歷史事件,但信息極其深遠。
第五幕是上帝對重生得救的約拿再次吩咐,去尼尼微宣告神的信息,他們若不悔改,40天就要滅亡了!第六幕描寫尼尼微人的反應:從上到下,人人悔改,個個禁食,離開所行的惡道。結果上帝察看他們的行為,就改變了心意,不給他們降災了。--這些人是該死的以色列百姓的仇敵!
第七幕道出了整個約拿宣教過程的最大障礙,不是那些水手,不是大魚,不是尼尼微的國王和臣民,而是約拿自己—Verkuyl教授說,是頑固不化、思想狹窄的教會。
故事中的約拿遠遠觀看,40天過去了,尼尼微還在,上帝的恩典給他們太多了!祂怎麼不是冷冰冰、嚴厲命定所有人都去地獄的神呢?祂怎麼讓那些該死的人得恩典呢?約拿實在受不了外邦人也得救的想法!他們沒有入猶太教啊--開玩笑,最後這句是我說的。
Verkuyl教授說,約拿宣教,他的心卻不在那裡。他自己在魚腹中切切禱告上帝施恩,現在卻對上帝說,「我知道你是有恩典、有憐憫的上帝,不輕易發怒,有豐盛的慈愛,並且後悔不降所說的災,所以我急速逃…現在求你取我的命吧!因為我死了比活著還好。」
約拿為甚麼發怒?因為上帝對那些外人同樣施恩。祂不是應該對自己立約百姓有格外的恩典嗎?今天的基督徒大概都和約拿差不多。是不是呢?但是耶和華問他說,「你這樣發怒合理嗎?」
第八幕,上帝繼續引導固執的約拿。他沒有從風暴、從水手、從大魚、從尼尼微悔改的事情中學到功課,因為他不想學。所以上帝用一棵神奇的篦麻,來讓約拿思考:一夜生長遮蔭,第二天安排一條蟲子咬死,再安排太陽暴曬,約拿為這棵篦麻氣死了。
耶和華最後教導約拿說:「這蓖麻不是你栽種的,也不是你培養的;一夜發生,一夜乾死,你尚且愛惜;何況這尼尼微大城,其中不能分辨左右手的就有十二萬多人,還有許多牲畜,我豈能不愛惜呢?」(不能分辨左右手的可能是指兒童,或指無知的人。)
Perspectives on the World Movement選了書中的一段,引起我興趣的部分是他所講解的約拿書。Verkuyl認為約拿的故事處理了向外邦人宣教的主題,值得現代的基督徒借鑑!約拿書的作者使用以色列歷史上一位先知的名字(王下14章25節),為以色列的聽眾刻劃了一個討厭外邦人、無心向外邦人宣教、又抱怨上帝對外邦人太仁慈的先知故事。
Verkuyl教授總結說,約拿書的作者是要警告聽眾,拋棄偏狹態度吧,面對神的挑戰:願意變成上帝的僕人,完成神的計畫嗎?因為以色列百姓當時的狀況是,接受了神一切的啟示,卻只關注他們自己的問題,拒絕涉足外邦去宣講神的信息。他把約拿故事劇分成八幕:
第一幕是神給約拿「起來,去…」的吩咐。尼尼微是個很兇暴、很罪惡的城市,約拿不想去,他雖然「起來」了,卻逃往另外的方向去了。
第二幕是神的對策,安排了風暴,約拿卻在底艙沉睡。Verkuyl評論說,教會很多時候就是這樣,在世界的風暴中沉睡,別人拚命找問題所在,眾教會卻當作與己無關。當眾人發現(或神用他們抽的籤指示了他們),是約拿所拜的神追上了他,約拿只好承認神的創造和主權,請那些水手把自己丟進海裡,滿足神的要求。
第三幕是上帝安排一條大魚把約拿吞掉,約拿落在急難困苦中。第四幕約拿在魚腹中禱告詩篇十八篇,切切祈求上帝的憐憫,還混合了其它一些詩篇的字句,最後上帝安排那大魚把約拿吐在岸上--祂原本不是要約拿滅亡。
故事到此,請不要問我,這些事怎麼可能真的發生,我以前寫過另一篇筆記,這是一個非常幽默的關於先知的故事,而不是歷史事件,但信息極其深遠。
第五幕是上帝對重生得救的約拿再次吩咐,去尼尼微宣告神的信息,他們若不悔改,40天就要滅亡了!第六幕描寫尼尼微人的反應:從上到下,人人悔改,個個禁食,離開所行的惡道。結果上帝察看他們的行為,就改變了心意,不給他們降災了。--這些人是該死的以色列百姓的仇敵!
第七幕道出了整個約拿宣教過程的最大障礙,不是那些水手,不是大魚,不是尼尼微的國王和臣民,而是約拿自己—Verkuyl教授說,是頑固不化、思想狹窄的教會。
故事中的約拿遠遠觀看,40天過去了,尼尼微還在,上帝的恩典給他們太多了!祂怎麼不是冷冰冰、嚴厲命定所有人都去地獄的神呢?祂怎麼讓那些該死的人得恩典呢?約拿實在受不了外邦人也得救的想法!他們沒有入猶太教啊--開玩笑,最後這句是我說的。
Verkuyl教授說,約拿宣教,他的心卻不在那裡。他自己在魚腹中切切禱告上帝施恩,現在卻對上帝說,「我知道你是有恩典、有憐憫的上帝,不輕易發怒,有豐盛的慈愛,並且後悔不降所說的災,所以我急速逃…現在求你取我的命吧!因為我死了比活著還好。」
約拿為甚麼發怒?因為上帝對那些外人同樣施恩。祂不是應該對自己立約百姓有格外的恩典嗎?今天的基督徒大概都和約拿差不多。是不是呢?但是耶和華問他說,「你這樣發怒合理嗎?」
第八幕,上帝繼續引導固執的約拿。他沒有從風暴、從水手、從大魚、從尼尼微悔改的事情中學到功課,因為他不想學。所以上帝用一棵神奇的篦麻,來讓約拿思考:一夜生長遮蔭,第二天安排一條蟲子咬死,再安排太陽暴曬,約拿為這棵篦麻氣死了。
耶和華最後教導約拿說:「這蓖麻不是你栽種的,也不是你培養的;一夜發生,一夜乾死,你尚且愛惜;何況這尼尼微大城,其中不能分辨左右手的就有十二萬多人,還有許多牲畜,我豈能不愛惜呢?」(不能分辨左右手的可能是指兒童,或指無知的人。)
Tuesday, February 7, 2017
關於「等候」的默想
詩篇四十篇1節:我曾耐性等候耶和華;祂垂聽我的呼求。
耐性—在本節經文中,qawa(等候)這個希伯來字一連用了兩次。兩個「等候」就是「耐性」了,意思是非常熱切地期盼。
舊約告訴我們,等候是關乎整個人的一切。神真正的兒女有個特徵,就是堅定忍耐,相信神必為祂的百姓果斷地行動,拯救他們。
無論情況如何,真正的信心在等候中得到更新,因為相信神的應許是不改變的。神加力量給那些等候祂的人,祂既有恩典、又有能力。等候神是內心忠信者的屬靈標記。
在本節經文中,詩人宣告說,熱切期待神的拯救,信靠祂的人必得到報答,因為神必彎下腰來聽允禱告,加給他力量。我們在困境中尋求安康的人,一定要記得切切等候神,等候給我們新的屬靈定向,這多麼重要!
我們的舊習慣是不管別的,只圖快快緩解,立即見效,馬上康復。我們不想等候。但神將就我們的軟弱,祂給我們自己找不到的東西—耐性和進步。我們必須學習等候。
等候恐怕是最難的屬靈操練。我們周圍的世界催促我們匆忙行事,但神有一切祂所需要的時間,祂從來不匆忙。因為祂掌管我們的目的,祂準確地知道需要多少時間來達到目的。所以,放心吧,等候神。祂總是在需要的時候來到。
等候並不是不做任何事,等候是逐步向神邁進。
本文譯自Moen博士2003年1月28日的原文默想日誌:Patiently。在一個變化多端的政治、經濟環境中,我們要學習等候神。
耐性—在本節經文中,qawa(等候)這個希伯來字一連用了兩次。兩個「等候」就是「耐性」了,意思是非常熱切地期盼。
舊約告訴我們,等候是關乎整個人的一切。神真正的兒女有個特徵,就是堅定忍耐,相信神必為祂的百姓果斷地行動,拯救他們。
無論情況如何,真正的信心在等候中得到更新,因為相信神的應許是不改變的。神加力量給那些等候祂的人,祂既有恩典、又有能力。等候神是內心忠信者的屬靈標記。
在本節經文中,詩人宣告說,熱切期待神的拯救,信靠祂的人必得到報答,因為神必彎下腰來聽允禱告,加給他力量。我們在困境中尋求安康的人,一定要記得切切等候神,等候給我們新的屬靈定向,這多麼重要!
我們的舊習慣是不管別的,只圖快快緩解,立即見效,馬上康復。我們不想等候。但神將就我們的軟弱,祂給我們自己找不到的東西—耐性和進步。我們必須學習等候。
等候恐怕是最難的屬靈操練。我們周圍的世界催促我們匆忙行事,但神有一切祂所需要的時間,祂從來不匆忙。因為祂掌管我們的目的,祂準確地知道需要多少時間來達到目的。所以,放心吧,等候神。祂總是在需要的時候來到。
等候並不是不做任何事,等候是逐步向神邁進。
本文譯自Moen博士2003年1月28日的原文默想日誌:Patiently。在一個變化多端的政治、經濟環境中,我們要學習等候神。
Saturday, February 4, 2017
「從天降下、仍舊在天」的人子
和合本的約翰福音三章,耶穌說,「我對你們說地上的事,你們尚且不信,若說天上的事,如何能信呢?除了從天降下、仍舊在天的人子,沒有人升過天。…」這話如果細想是不明白的—既然從天降下,怎麼會仍舊在天呢?
今天上林教授的文本考證課,專門介紹各種手抄本和譯本的異文考證,才知道約三13在有些抄本中是沒有「仍舊在天」字樣的。我看了信望愛網站的這節經文,好幾個英文版本都有說人子is in heaven,而中文除了和合本翻譯得很早,有「仍舊在天」,其它譯本都去掉了這幾個字,只用括號或註腳說明--有些古抄本加有「仍舊在天」幾個字。
專家們把收集到的新約經文各種抄本歸為幾大類:亞力山太(或稱埃及)式的文本抄寫質量較好,保留了比較多的難懂經文,比較少「調和Harmonization」(即抄寫文士在抄寫時參照另外一處經文來改動/解釋的現象),被認為比較可靠。西方式的文本抄寫時期較早,以老拉丁譯本為主,有比較多的解釋性改寫、添加、與調和。拜占庭式的文本抄寫時期較晚,較多改善的文法。
林教授給我們說明希臘文聖經的校勘註(Critical Apparatus)。聯合聖經公會的第5版(UBS5)約三13的希臘文正文中沒有「仍舊在天」,但註腳說明這個讀法只是比較確定、不是最確定的。這節經文在眾多的抄本中一共有四種讀法。根據註腳和林教授整理的資料,各出現在如下手抄本:
第一種讀法帶有ο ων εν τω ουρανω,即「就是在天上的那一位」,出現在最多類型的抄本中—拜占庭式抄本、亞歷山太式抄本、西方式抄本、和其它抄本中。最早的抄本收在比較整全的第五世紀亞歷山太抄本中。
第二種讀法沒有上面這幾個字,只出現在「亞力山太式」的抄本中。其中最早的兩份蒲莎草抄本,p66是公元200年, p75是公元三世紀初期。收在比較整全的第四世紀西奈抄本和梵諦岡抄本中。
第三種讀法把第一種讀法改了時態,ος ην εν τω ουρανω意思是「那位曾經在天上的」。這種讀法僅僅出現在西方式抄本中,即老拉丁譯本和敘利亞文譯本中。
第四種讀法把第一種讀法改了一個介詞,ο ων εκ του ουρανω,意思從位置「在天上」變成了方向「從天上來」。如此可以解決這重大難題:「耶穌到底是在天上?還是在地上與門徒說話?」
第三種和第四種讀法都僅僅出現在比較不可靠的西方式的譯本/抄本中。那麼,到底是第一種讀法還是第二種讀法最為原始呢?經文考證原則上要看文本的外證,即抄本年代啦、文本的區域有多廣啦,一種讀法的文本類型越多越可靠。還要看文本的內證:較短的版本,較難懂的讀法,比較符合作者全卷寫作風格、與前後文一致的讀法比較可靠。
所以約三13看外證似乎第一種讀法除了抄本流傳區域和類型最多,也最難懂,所以有可能是原稿,按其它外證和內證來衡量,顯然都是第二種讀法最為可靠。
編輯委員會多數人贊成第二種讀法為原稿,但用註解記下了贊成第一種讀法為原稿的意見:如果短的讀法(省略了人子仍然「在天上」的描述)出現在抄寫清楚可靠的亞力山太式抄本,文士何必要加上這個子句,讓意思變得難懂呢?很可能是反過來,文士看見這麼難懂的句子,就把這子句刪除了吧?
但是編輯委員會認為抄本的外部證據相當支持第二種讀法為原稿:短的讀法、早的日期等等。他們感到那個關於「在天上」的子句似乎是個解釋性的稱頌,反映出後來的基督論發展。專家們認為約翰福音的作者有較多的這類編輯傾向,比如前面那句話,約三11耶穌說,「我實實在在地告訴你,我們...」與尼哥底母的單獨談話提說「我們的見證」嗎?可能是編輯吧?
今天上林教授的文本考證課,專門介紹各種手抄本和譯本的異文考證,才知道約三13在有些抄本中是沒有「仍舊在天」字樣的。我看了信望愛網站的這節經文,好幾個英文版本都有說人子is in heaven,而中文除了和合本翻譯得很早,有「仍舊在天」,其它譯本都去掉了這幾個字,只用括號或註腳說明--有些古抄本加有「仍舊在天」幾個字。
專家們把收集到的新約經文各種抄本歸為幾大類:亞力山太(或稱埃及)式的文本抄寫質量較好,保留了比較多的難懂經文,比較少「調和Harmonization」(即抄寫文士在抄寫時參照另外一處經文來改動/解釋的現象),被認為比較可靠。西方式的文本抄寫時期較早,以老拉丁譯本為主,有比較多的解釋性改寫、添加、與調和。拜占庭式的文本抄寫時期較晚,較多改善的文法。
林教授給我們說明希臘文聖經的校勘註(Critical Apparatus)。聯合聖經公會的第5版(UBS5)約三13的希臘文正文中沒有「仍舊在天」,但註腳說明這個讀法只是比較確定、不是最確定的。這節經文在眾多的抄本中一共有四種讀法。根據註腳和林教授整理的資料,各出現在如下手抄本:
第一種讀法帶有ο ων εν τω ουρανω,即「就是在天上的那一位」,出現在最多類型的抄本中—拜占庭式抄本、亞歷山太式抄本、西方式抄本、和其它抄本中。最早的抄本收在比較整全的第五世紀亞歷山太抄本中。
第二種讀法沒有上面這幾個字,只出現在「亞力山太式」的抄本中。其中最早的兩份蒲莎草抄本,p66是公元200年, p75是公元三世紀初期。收在比較整全的第四世紀西奈抄本和梵諦岡抄本中。
第三種讀法把第一種讀法改了時態,ος ην εν τω ουρανω意思是「那位曾經在天上的」。這種讀法僅僅出現在西方式抄本中,即老拉丁譯本和敘利亞文譯本中。
第四種讀法把第一種讀法改了一個介詞,ο ων εκ του ουρανω,意思從位置「在天上」變成了方向「從天上來」。如此可以解決這重大難題:「耶穌到底是在天上?還是在地上與門徒說話?」
第三種和第四種讀法都僅僅出現在比較不可靠的西方式的譯本/抄本中。那麼,到底是第一種讀法還是第二種讀法最為原始呢?經文考證原則上要看文本的外證,即抄本年代啦、文本的區域有多廣啦,一種讀法的文本類型越多越可靠。還要看文本的內證:較短的版本,較難懂的讀法,比較符合作者全卷寫作風格、與前後文一致的讀法比較可靠。
所以約三13看外證似乎第一種讀法除了抄本流傳區域和類型最多,也最難懂,所以有可能是原稿,按其它外證和內證來衡量,顯然都是第二種讀法最為可靠。
編輯委員會多數人贊成第二種讀法為原稿,但用註解記下了贊成第一種讀法為原稿的意見:如果短的讀法(省略了人子仍然「在天上」的描述)出現在抄寫清楚可靠的亞力山太式抄本,文士何必要加上這個子句,讓意思變得難懂呢?很可能是反過來,文士看見這麼難懂的句子,就把這子句刪除了吧?
但是編輯委員會認為抄本的外部證據相當支持第二種讀法為原稿:短的讀法、早的日期等等。他們感到那個關於「在天上」的子句似乎是個解釋性的稱頌,反映出後來的基督論發展。專家們認為約翰福音的作者有較多的這類編輯傾向,比如前面那句話,約三11耶穌說,「我實實在在地告訴你,我們...」與尼哥底母的單獨談話提說「我們的見證」嗎?可能是編輯吧?
Wednesday, February 1, 2017
關於「司法部」的翻譯和學習
川普總統剛上台一個星期,就爆出新聞來,把司法部(Department of Justice)現任的總檢察長(Attorney General)解職了。因為這位勇敢的女官員竟然懷疑總統的行政命令不合法,不肯為他的行政命令辯護。
我想起美國有個三權鼎立的治國原則:行政、司法、和立法的運作一定是互相獨立的,以達到彼此制衡。那麼,總統怎麼可以隨心所欲地解職司法官員呢?搞糊塗了。上網搜索一下DOJ是干甚麼的吧,沒想到看見一篇文章詳細剖析了DOJ的翻譯問題。很有收穫,我在此分享一下。
簡單說來,DOJ翻成「司法部」是不對的,因為美國負責司法的是法院系統,英文是Judiciary。那麼Justice是甚麼呢?廣義當然是指司法上的公平、正義,後來就引申出來,特指美國聯邦最高法院的大法官。
但是DOJ並不是因為這些大法官有個專門部門叫做DOJ,乃是專為總統處理法律事務、搞司法行政的部門。所以文章作者陸通建議,要麼直譯成「司法行政部」,要麼意譯成「法務部」,日本和南韓都這麼稱呼「法務部」,不會與民事司法部門搞混。
致於DOJ的頭目,恐怕也就不是「司法部長」或「總檢察長」。Attorney General這個職務在聯邦DOJ成立之前就已有,最早是作為總統的法律顧問出現,現在有人翻成總統法律顧問,有人翻成總檢察長。所以陸通提出翻成「總統法律代表」,既擔當法律顧問,又可以當檢察官,或者按職務翻成「總統法務官」或「首席法務官」。詳細可閱讀陸通的全文。
這樣看來,在川普總統新提名的首席法務官還沒有上任之前,作為前總統留下來的首席法務官Sally Yetes,可以為總統提供法律諮詢。但川普特別不會參考她的意見,事實上他沒有參考任何法律部門的意見。川普本意是要防止恐怖分子入境,卻造成全國各機場一片混亂,隨後只好修改法令兩次…難怪Yetes首席法務官不以為然。
我想起美國有個三權鼎立的治國原則:行政、司法、和立法的運作一定是互相獨立的,以達到彼此制衡。那麼,總統怎麼可以隨心所欲地解職司法官員呢?搞糊塗了。上網搜索一下DOJ是干甚麼的吧,沒想到看見一篇文章詳細剖析了DOJ的翻譯問題。很有收穫,我在此分享一下。
簡單說來,DOJ翻成「司法部」是不對的,因為美國負責司法的是法院系統,英文是Judiciary。那麼Justice是甚麼呢?廣義當然是指司法上的公平、正義,後來就引申出來,特指美國聯邦最高法院的大法官。
但是DOJ並不是因為這些大法官有個專門部門叫做DOJ,乃是專為總統處理法律事務、搞司法行政的部門。所以文章作者陸通建議,要麼直譯成「司法行政部」,要麼意譯成「法務部」,日本和南韓都這麼稱呼「法務部」,不會與民事司法部門搞混。
致於DOJ的頭目,恐怕也就不是「司法部長」或「總檢察長」。Attorney General這個職務在聯邦DOJ成立之前就已有,最早是作為總統的法律顧問出現,現在有人翻成總統法律顧問,有人翻成總檢察長。所以陸通提出翻成「總統法律代表」,既擔當法律顧問,又可以當檢察官,或者按職務翻成「總統法務官」或「首席法務官」。詳細可閱讀陸通的全文。
這樣看來,在川普總統新提名的首席法務官還沒有上任之前,作為前總統留下來的首席法務官Sally Yetes,可以為總統提供法律諮詢。但川普特別不會參考她的意見,事實上他沒有參考任何法律部門的意見。川普本意是要防止恐怖分子入境,卻造成全國各機場一片混亂,隨後只好修改法令兩次…難怪Yetes首席法務官不以為然。
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