Wednesday, February 8, 2012

神學的形象表達與概念表達

我曾就解經問題寫過一篇關於戴上西方文化眼鏡研究神學的問題,還寫過一篇古希臘哲學如何影響了基督教神學的問題,目的是請大家注意到我們戴著的各種有色眼鏡,在研讀聖經的時候得到更多的色彩亮光。

從主前五世紀開始,偉大的希臘文化思想就是高度概念化的,以至西方人多數的講演都是提出概念,加插例證。也就是說,講者聼者的思維方式都是以陳述觀念為主,用圖像比喻來輔助語言,加強記憶或添上情感色彩。在神學討論語言中,自然也是這樣,用邏輯把一個個概念聯起來,以哲學來提供縂的框架,這些都是希羅文化和神學特色,反映在基督教神學。

Bailey博士說,在早期教會的時代流行的是柏拉圖主義哲學,那時的神學/神觀都是用柏拉圖的觀念來表達,靈魂和肉體的關係啦,永恒不變啦,完美形態啦,世界的暫時性和不完美啦等等。到了中世紀,亞理士多德的哲學盛行,阿奎那在亞理士多德的哲學框架裏來研究神學,解釋道德倫理問題啦,宇宙存在的邏輯辯證分析啦等等。他用基督教的思想來解釋哲學。後來基督教神學發展中的經院哲學(Scholasticism),理性主義,黑格爾哲學的主體能動和自由意志,存在主義等等,直到現在都是一些透過哲學眼鏡來研究神,勤奮值得敬佩,可惜不容易懂。Bailey博士在中東的阿拉伯人教會牧養多年,他說中東的思維表達是靠類比形容、箴言寓意和比喻、以及戲劇性行動來表達的,想必耶穌當年就是如此表達他的神學,正如福音書所顯明的。聖經書卷主要用的是形象比喻語言,用概念解釋作爲輔助手段。交叉對偶結構常把比喻放在中心,前後對稱地用概念加以解釋,可是我們應該記得,概念的解釋是很有限的,形象圖畫所表達的意思太豐富。

比如以賽亞書55章8-9節,形象語言在中間,前後包圍有兩層語意解釋。我們需要默想思考天和地這幅圖畫,琢磨上帝和我們之間的差別,從意念上和道路/方法這兩方面來默想:

我的意念非同你們的意念(意念)
   我的道路非同你們的道路 (道路)
      天怎樣高過地(比喻)
   照樣,我的道路高過你們的道路(道路)
我的意念高過你們的意念(意念)

今天我默想這段話的結果是,我們不能試圖用自己體驗來想象上帝,以爲祂會和我們一樣,爲了自己的榮耀或別人的不完美、不聽話而憤怒、焦慮等等。再一個例子以賽亞書53章6-9節,中間是羊羔被宰和羊被剪毛這兩個形象圖畫,它們有個共同點,就是那隻羊沒有聲音,不反抗。以賽亞刻畫的是上帝的羔羊,意義重點由中間的圖畫表達出來。

我們都如羊走迷,各人偏行己路(我們)
   我們眾人的罪孽都歸在他身上(罪孽--單數)
      他被欺壓,他受苦(不公正)
         卻不開口
            他像羊羔被牽到宰殺之地(比喻)
            又像羊在剪毛的人手下無聲(比喻)
         他也是這樣不開口
      因受欺壓和審判,他被奪去(不公正)
   他被剪除是因我百姓的罪過(罪過--單數)
他未行強暴,口中也沒有詭詐 (他)

我特別注意到在這段話中,我們衆人的罪過/罪孽是單數的。單數的罪應該理解為一個不適宜來到上帝面前狀態,舊約中有時把它稱爲不潔。我發現利未記中祭司能夠為百姓贖掉的罪似乎都是單數的,舊約中眾數的罪過(行爲)很少。比如以西結14章10-11節中以色列家“各樣的罪過”是眾數,指行爲,而衆人必擔當的“自己的罪孽”卻是單數的,指狀態。以賽亞用“為我們贖罪”來對羔羊的圖畫作觀念上的説明。

假如我們按照從概念解釋出發的思維次序來理解,把比喻只是當作附加説明的工具,大概就會把默想的重點放在不公正和歸罪的邏輯關係上,猜測不開口的原因等等,而忽略了上帝的無怨羔羊那幅畫本身無限豐富的内涵。

有一個人把傳道書9章11節的形象語言翻譯成“現代英語”,其實可謂翻譯成概念語言,結果很好笑:“日光之下,快跑的未必能贏;力戰的未必得勝;智慧的未必得糧食;明哲的未必得資財;靈巧的未必得喜悅。所臨到眾人的是在乎當時的機會”。翻譯的結果中文意思是:客觀地考量時代各種現象,使人不得不下此結論,即在競爭活動中的成功或失敗,並不展示與其固有能力相當的傾向,乃必須考慮很多的不定因素。(Finding the Lost Cultural Keys to Luke 15 by Kenneth E. Bailey,第19頁。)Bailey博士開玩笑說,聖經如果讓西方的神學家來寫的話,讀起來大概都是這樣的。

有個阿拉伯基督徒把施洗約翰的話總結成概念語言:與其說“你們假裝的道德良善,遠遠超過你們的實際道德操練”,他說“毒蛇的種類,誰指示你們…”云云。總之,Bailey博士告訴我們說,你到中東去,看到人説話用手勢、姿勢、很多比喻、聲調等等,主要目的是要給對方一個印象,他們不講究準確的用詞。如此的話,我覺得聖經是在這樣的語言環境中寫的,我們應該尊重這個事實。

4 comments:

  1. 所以,在查经时咬文嚼字,实在大可不必。尤其是,每一次的翻译,均多少对原文原意打了折扣。因而,是否能抓住经文的精义,这才是我们应当关注的,因为那才是亮光所在,亮光所出!

    一读者

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  2. 對贖罪羔羊作邏輯分析的結果難免添油加醋。比如God is angry with everybody's sinful behaviors,就很像是另加的神學解釋。亞當墮落以後上帝找他談話,聖經沒有用忿怒來描述;亞伯拉罕説謊和摩西殺人,上帝沒有查究;聖經對各種獻祭禮儀的描述,沒有提起平息上帝忿怒;連亞倫的兩個兒子擅自獻凡火不幸死亡的事件,摩西都沒有用上帝“發怒”來描述(歡迎閲讀祭司袍子上的鈴鐺有何目的一文,和不信從的罪一文)。人人都犯了罪all right, but上帝的義怒屬性seems a highly philosophical assumption。歡迎大家提出經文段落,來繼續研究和證明這個關於上帝忿怒假設的命題。

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  3. In Penteuch, I meant God's wrath was against those people who experienced His powerful deliverance but wanted no part of Moses' leadership, intended to chose their own leader in order to go back to Egypt(Num.14). I have not studied many other books yet, so cannot make conclusion, but I suspect God's wrath was mostly towards the intentionally conscious rebellions against Him. I know sexual sins and greed also cause God's wrath(Eph. 5) too, for I searched Pauline books for God's anger and studied them. (please read 上帝忿怒的對象是祂的仇敵.)Therefore in Genesis Sodom and Gomor'ah were destroyed, even the book didn't use the word wrath/anger.

    Still, not everybody commit sexual sins, and greedy to do harm. I want to find out what other sins anger God.

    I have reservation about whether anger and forgiveness are mutual exclusive, for I myself cannot imagine they exist at same time within same person. I believe God's wrath was against a portion of Israel(10 tribes of those over 20 at first numeration), but He delivered His own chosen people(the children of those rebellious).

    I should say Ex 32 God could have destroyed rebellious Israelites without giving Moses a chance to plead, but He didn't do that. It was God's mercy shows, I do not think that Moses was more merciful than God.

    I think my thesis is that God is angry at the rebellious, those intentionally against His instructions, not just anybody who is morally imperfect, or doesn't know His love therefore failed to worship Him. My study isn't complete yet.

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  4. 按照死海古卷中的以賽亞書古卷1QIsa,Skip Moen博士翻譯53:4-5成英文:

    In reality, however, he bore our sicknesses, and our pains – he carried them. And us? We regarded him as plagued, and struck down by God and humbled. But he, yes he, is being defiled from our transgressions and is being crushed from our iniquities; even the punishment which makes our wholeness – it was upon him! And because of the bruising blows he received – healing is ours!

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