本文內容來自專家資訊網站的文章:Glucosamine supplements may speed memory loss。作者是佛州大學生物化學和細胞生物教授Ramon Sun。
患阿茲海默症的人如果服用glucosamine(葡萄糖胺)營養補充劑,5年內死亡的危險比不服用它的人增加了25%,這是Sun教授和他的同事在《自然代謝》雜誌上新進發表的一篇文章內容。
葡萄糖胺是一種非處方的糖分子營養補充劑,幫助緩解關節炎和關節痛,服用它的人在美國每年超過4000萬。
研究發現,葡萄糖胺還影響了失智症早期的記憶力問題--患者服用葡萄糖胺比不服用它,最終發展為完全的阿茲海默症增加了25%的機會。
Sun教授對佛州大學保健系統內的匿名醫療記錄進行分析--包括24,000名失智症患者和41,000名輕度認知障礙患者--將服用葡萄糖胺的患者與未服用葡萄糖胺的患者進行比較。
隨後,他們對基因改造後具有類似阿茲海默症症狀的小鼠進行實驗,以確定葡萄糖胺影響大腦的潛在機制。結果發現,阻斷合成葡萄糖胺等糖類的酵素可以改善小鼠的癡呆症狀,而給這些小鼠餵食葡萄糖胺會加重它們的記憶力衰退。服用相同補充劑的健康小鼠則沒有出現任何反應。
這有甚麼關係呢?The Food and Drug Administration(FDA) classifies glucosamine as a dietary supplement, not a prescription drug. As a result, anyone can buy it over the counter without seeing a doctor. 買葡萄糖胺不需要處方。
Glucosamine is an amino sugar. Composed of glucose and an amino acid called glutamine, these molecules are used by the body to build new cells. Because glucosamine is not considered an essential nutrient, glucosamine deficiency is not a recognized condition. However, people take the supplement based on anecdotal reports that it improves joint health, especially in the knees.
由葡萄糖和胺基酸合成,(科學家尚未認定)葡萄糖胺屬於人體需要的基本營養素,人們服用它只是聽說它能夠緩解關節疼痛,研究人員認為證據不足。
For more than a decade, my team and I at the University of Florida have studied how the brain uses and processes sugar and what goes wrong with that chemistry in people who have Alzheimer’s disease.
阿茲海默症患者的大腦處理糖分子的機制出了問題。
A lesser-known problem associated with Alzheimer’s disease is that brain cells and proteins build up extra sugar coatings. Brain cells and proteins normally carry short chains of sugar on their surface called N-glycans. These sugars guide a newly made protein into its three-dimensional shape and help it attach to other proteins it works with. 阿茲海默大腦細胞與蛋白質生成額外的糖膜。
But in people with Alzheimer’s disease, the chains pile up where they don’t belong. The proteins underneath them start to fail, leading to memory loss and cell death. This condition is called hyperglycosylation. 糖基化過度:原本正常的短鏈糖分子堆積在大腦不該堆積的地方。
Given that about 7.2 million Americans ages 65 and older live with Alzheimer’s disease, we estimated that many were also taking glucosamine for joint health. We hypothesized that this sugar amine may be contributing to cognitive decline. 720萬65歲以上的美國人患有阿茲海默症,其中很多人同時又服用葡萄糖胺來緩解關節問題。
Earlier studies have linked glucosamine supplements to a lower dementia risk in cognitively healthy adults. Our findings do not contradict those reports but qualify them. While glucosamine appears safe and potentially protective for a healthy brain, it may be harmful for a brain that is already experiencing cognitive decline. 有一些早期研究發現服用葡萄糖胺與降低失智風險有關聯,新的發現葡萄糖胺對於健康的大腦的確有保護作用,但對認知已經開始衰退的人來說是有害的。
Sun教授的研究是觀察患者紀錄,發現關聯,但不能斷定葡萄糖胺是否「引起」了認知退化。若想知道它是否引起腦退化,則需要進行嚴格掌控的葡萄糖胺雙盲試驗。然而葡萄糖胺若是果真引起腦退化,進行這樣的試驗就不合倫理。
另外,研究人員無法確定,看上去有害的葡萄糖胺是否與服用劑量、品牌或服用時間長短有關。阿茲海默症只是失智症的一種,研究人員還不知道他們的發現是否也適用於其它形式的失智症。
研究人員打算對於已經在服用葡萄糖胺的失智患者進行臨床觀察,如果停止服用會怎樣?Sun教授他們的患者數據庫中有8%的人屬於這一類,研究人員希望能對這些人進行幾年的跟進。
他們還篩選能夠阻擋大腦糖基化過度堆積的化合物,看它們是否能減緩或逆轉阿茲海默症--研究人員計劃開發其它能夠分解那些額外糖膜的膳食補充劑,看是否對阿茲海默症患者有幫助。
你如果有輕微的記憶問題,知道了上面這些信息後,是否要檢查一下自己的藥櫃,看哪些產品內含有glucosamine?
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